Trade Card for 'Le Bon Marche' department store, depicting the Luxembourg Gardens in Paris (colour...

Imagerie publicitaire du Bon Marche avec le Jardin du Luxembourg; the Bon Marché Department stores in Paris were the creation of the French entrepreneur, Aristide Boucicaut (1810-77), who, after 1852 and with his wife, Marguerite (1826-87) revolutionised shopping and retailing in France; they developed the first department store ('Grand Magasin') in Paris, by 1877 the largest in the world with 1788 employees; the Boucicauts were responsible for introducing the concept of shopping as an enjoyable experience with glamorous interiors; innovations included fixed prices, home delivery, large choice of goods, guarantees allowing exchanges or returns, catalogues , mail order and advertising; families were targeted by providing reading rooms for husbands while their wives made purchases and by giving balloons and attractively produced cards for children; the cards, usually in a series of six and published weekly were extremely popular and acted as an inducement to return frequently to the shops; the development of department stores was a major force in democratising consumption and making society more egalitarian by giving women the freedom and ability to shop on their own;